doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1086078 Received 01 November 2022 Accepted 16 January 2023 Published 02 February 2023 Volume 14 - 2023 Edited by Giulia Carla Marchetti, University of Milan, Italy Reviewed by Mahesh Mohan, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, United States
Red flag symptoms requiring urgent medical attention include: Severe, persistent abdominal pain , particularly in the upper abdomen or epigastric region, which could indicate pancreatitis (a rare but serious adverse effect of GLP-1 therapy) Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or painful swallowing (odynophagia) Unintentional weight loss beyond expected therapeutic effects Persistent vomiting that prevents adequate oral intake or medication administration Right upper quadrant pain, fever, or yellowing of skin/eyes , which could indicate gallbladder disease (a known risk with weight loss on GLP-1 therapies) Symptoms of gastroparesis such as early satiety, postprandial fullness, or vomiting undigested food Call 911 or seek emergency care immediately for: Severe chest pain that could represent cardiac pathology rather than reflux Evidence of gastrointestinal bleeding , including black, tarry stools or vomiting blood or coffee-ground material If you suspect pancreatitis (persistent severe abdominal pain, sometimes radiating to the back, with or without nausea/vomiting), stop taking the GLP-1 medication immediately and seek urgent medical care, as directed in FDA prescribing information
This was because several studies from Ole Madsen (University of Copenhagen) had shown that transplantation of some glucagon producing tumors caused profound anorexia in animals (16)
Studies show that active individuals have significantly more diverse gut bacteria than sedentary individuals, and that starting an exercise program can shift the microbiome toward a healthier composition within weeks
That extends to device supply chains (needles, syringes, components) and to oral dosage form manufacturing
