MDA is linked to the Lys residues of proteins and enzymes, and forms Schiff bases, for phospholipids, nucleic acids (shown mutagenic properties), and also MDA inhibits a number of thiol dependent enzymes: glucose-6-phosphatase, Na + -K + -ATP-ase, Ca ++ -ATP-ase
195,196,197 At the cellular level, this translates into a massive increase in cytoplasmic Na + concentration, membrane depolarisation and opening of voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels, which in turn promotes massive release of glutamate that results in even large depolarisation enlarging Na + and Ca 2+ influx thus completing the vicious circle of excitotoxic damage, as Ca 2+ overload triggers necrotic cell death
There is no downtime involved with the injections
The previous interactions contribute to the activation of the peripheral immune system and primes CNS microglia, creating a neuroinflammatory environment that aggravate behavioral deficits (Manda et al., 2012
Interact with neurotransmitter systems , possibly affecting serotonin, dopamine, and GABA signaling pathways