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668,669 Furthermore, glycolytic enzymes themselves can influence HIF-1

220 HIF-1 interacts with BCL2, BNIP3, BNIP3L/NIX, Beclin-1, ATG proteins, and PIK3C3 to stimulate autophagy, 221,222 while AMPK and PTEN suppress mTORC1, activating ULK1 and enhancing autophagosome-lysosome fusion

Enzymatic antioxidants include SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR)

Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 14 (USP14) removes ubiquitin chains from proteasome-bound substrates, thereby modulating protein stability

Papaya helps remove toxins from the body while also reducing oxidative damage that makes skin appear dull