Under conditions of cellular stress, injury, or mitochondrial dysfunction, mtDNA can escape into the cytoplasm, where it activates the cGAS (cyclic GMPAMP synthase)STING (stimulator of interferon genes) signaling pathway, or it can be detected extracellularly by Toll-like receptors on immune cells
Glutathione neutralizes these radicals, but frequent exposure can drain its supply
In contrast, PD-linked missense mutations destabilize Syn tetramers, reduce solubility, promote cytoplasmic inclusions, and induce neurotoxicity 67
[4] [14] This depletion may result from increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and the metabolic burden placed on the liver by excess fat accumulation
Ferroptosis promotes T-cell activation-induced neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis